#Mastodonte drawing on caves series

( Reference Eren, Lycett, Patten, Buchanan, Pargeter and O'Brien2016). ( Reference Lin, Rezek and Dibble2017) and Eren et al. We follow the current best practice for archaeological experimentation proposed by scholars including Lin et al. The proposed hypothesis must be formulated in a falsifiable cause-and-effect scheme that consequently implies an opposing null hypothesis. The method by which one generates ideas should be clearly stated, as the interpretation of an experiment's results is directly dependent on the authorsвЂ™ underlying assumptions (DomГnguez-Rodrigo Reference DomГnguez-Rodrigo2008). The first step in the development of an archaeological experiment entails hypothesis creation. Hypothesis testing and analogical reasoning in experimental archaeology We conclude with recommendations for future experimentation intended to provide more robust evidence, through which Holen et al.вЂ™s ( Reference Holen, DemГ©rГ©, Fisher, Fullagar, Paces, Jefferson, Beeton, Cerutti, Rountrey, Vescera and Holen2017) claims may be more effectively evaluated by the archaeological community. We raise questions about the researchersвЂ™ analogical foundations, the lack of alternative hypotheses tested, as well as experimental control and the quantification of data. Rather than reiterate the ongoing debate concerning the archaeological nature of the Cerutti site itself, here we examine the experimental data used to buttress Holen et al.вЂ™s argument. provide viable criticisms, the experimental design of the project used to support the archaeological claims has not been examined. While these previous responses to Holen et al. Reference BoГ«da, Griggo and Lahaye2017 Gruhn Reference Gruhn2018) have responded to these criticisms, contending that alternative arguments fail to explain the features of the Cerutti Mastodon site. ( Reference Holen, DemГ©rГ©, Fisher, Fullagar, Paces, Jefferson, Beeton, Cerutti, Rountrey, Vescera and Holen2018aвЂ“ Reference Holen, DemГ©rГ©, Fisher, Fullagar, Paces, Jefferson, Beeton, Rountrey and Holenc) and their supporters (e.g. Reference Ferraro, Binetti, Weiest, Esker, Baker and Forman2018). Reference Braje, Dillehay, Kelly, Klein, Meltzer and Rick2017 Haynes Reference Haynes2017, Reference Haynes2018 Ferraro et al.

These include comparing the Cerutti assemblage to both anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic sites, questioning the absence of features generally associated with the presence of humans, and the possibility that recent disturbances may have altered the remains (Braje et al. ( Reference Holen, DemГ©rГ©, Fisher, Fullagar, Paces, Jefferson, Beeton, Cerutti, Rountrey, Vescera and Holen2017), scholars have suggested alternative taphonomic explanations for the formation of the Cerutti Mastodon site. Such an exceptional claim has invited heavy criticism.

Their findings, if accepted, would push the peopling of the Americas back by over 100 000 years, thereby rewriting the history of global human migrations.

#Mastodonte drawing on caves series

The authors employ a series of experiments to support their argument that the lithic and faunal remains at the site are anthropogenically modified. ( Reference Holen, DemГ©rГ©, Fisher, Fullagar, Paces, Jefferson, Beeton, Cerutti, Rountrey, Vescera and Holen2017) reports new evidence for stone tool use at the 130В 000-year-old Cerutti Mastodon site in California. Against this background, recent work by Holen et al. Reference Goebel, Waters and O'Rourke2008 Graf et al. Reference Dillehay, RamГrez, Pino, Collins, Collins and Pino-Navarro2008 Goebel et al. Reference Lesnek, Briner, Lindqvist, Baichtal and Heaton2018), it is probable that, after passing south of the ice sheets, humans quickly dispersed across North and South America (Cinq-Mars Reference Cinq-Mars1978 Dillehay et al. While the arrival and dispersal routes remain contentious (Pedersen et al. Reference Potter, Baichtal, Beaudoin, Fehren-Schmitz, Vance Haynes and Holliday2018). Reference Raghavan2015 Skoglund & Reich Reference Skoglund and Reich2016 Moreno-Mayar et al. Current archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that Indigenous peoples in the Americas are descended from those of ancient Siberia, with founding populations separating from ancient North Asians c.